![]() ![]() The initial definition of a problem has a decisive effect on the alternatives considered and the decision reached.Īs Amos Tevrsky and Daniel Kahneman have shown, the initial definition of a problem has a decisive effect on the alternatives considered and the decision reached. Ideologies have a high potential for mass mobilization, manipulation, and control in that sense, they are mobilized belief systems.” Ideological beliefs are more or less coherent, more or less articulate, more or less open to new evidence and information. The myths and values of ideology are communicated through symbols in a simplified, economical, and efficient manner. According to Mustafa Rejai, a “political ideology is an emotion-laden, myth-saturated, action-related system of beliefs and values about people and society, legitimacy and authority, that is acquired to a large extent as a matter of faith and habit. Ideology operates as the mean to express them. Politics is about interests but interests are rooted in values, beliefs, and ideas. For more than five decades the United States was aggrieved by the same ill – a blind commitment to ideology that helped it become an empire but ultimately undermined its capacity to avert its own downward spiral. Such failure has engendered their downfall. Throughout history, any actor seeking to become an empire has been guided by an ideology of its own making, one that through time became so engrained in the mindset of its leaders that it prevented them from grasping the moment the marginal costs of further change were greater than the marginal benefits. It is assumed that an aspiring empire will seek to change the international system through territorial, political expansion until the marginal costs of further change are equal or greater than the marginal benefits. Ideology helps build and destroy empires. ![]() But America’s ideological mindset might prove too powerful to overcome, writes Alex Roberto Hybel. The last three presidents, in their own very different ways, sought a return to pragmatism, national interest and problem-solving. The greatest blunders of US foreign policy over the past century were driven by ideology: a belief in America as the defender of freedom and democracy around the world. It’s what made the United States the most powerful nation on earth, and what might end up bringing it down. Ideology is what drives the success and failure of empires. ![]()
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